簡要概述英語的發(fā)展歷史英文？盧恩語(Futhark)→古英語(即盎格魯-撒克遜語)(Old English、Anglo-Saxon)→英國英語(English)1.英語的發(fā)展要追溯到公元410年，羅馬人離開不列顛之后，日耳曼部族包括盎格魯、薩克遜開始涌入。2.羅馬人走了，那么，簡要概述英語的發(fā)展歷史英文？一起來了解一下吧。
The history of English language
英語的歷史
The history of the English language began over 1500 years ago in the north of Europe. Around the fifth century A.D., tribes of people known as the Angels, Saxons, and Jutes traveled west from Germany and Denmark across the North Sea. They settled in Britain, and by the late seventh century, they were speaking an early form the English.
In the late eighth century, the Vikings attacked England. Fighting continued for almost two hundred years. During this time, many Latin, Danish, and Norse words entered the English language. Latin gave English words like kitchen and cup. From Danish and Norse, English borrowed skin, leg, and the pronouns them, their, and they. many synonyms from the Norse language became integrated into English, for example, wrath(English),anger(Norse);sick(English),ill(Norse).
In 1066, the Normans conquered England. French became the language of the wealthy and powerful, and English was spoken mostly by poorer people. In the late fourteenth century, English became the first language again. By this time, many words used in English came from French or Latin, and a lot of the early words no longer existed.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, people became interested in the classics. At this time, words from Latin and Greek were included in the English language. a lot of words, or parts of words, from those languages are used in modern English.
Today, English has loan words from many of the world’s languages. You can probably find a word used in English that first came from your native language.
英語的歷史從1500多年前的北歐開始。
The English language is spoken by 750 million people in the world as either the official language of a nation, a second language, or in a mixture with other languages .English is the official language in England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, however, the United States has no official language.
The language historian divides English history into three times:
1、Ancient English
The history of the English language began over 1500 years ago in the north of Europe. Around the fifth century A.D., tribes of people known as the Angels, Saxons, and Jutes traveled west from Germany and Denmark across the North Sea. They settled in Britain, and by the late seventh century, they were speaking an early form of the English.
In the late eighth century, the Vikings attacked England. Fighting continued for years. During this time, almost two hundred many Latin, Danish, and Norse words entered the English language.
2、Middle English
In 1066, the Normans conquered England. French became the language of the wealthy and powerful, and English was spoken mostly by poorer people. In the late fourteenth century, English became the first language again. By this time, many words used in English came from French or Latin, and a lot of the early words no longer existed.
3、Modern English
Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print.
As settle landed in North America and established the United States English found itself with two sources-American and British.
盧恩語(Futhark)→古英語(即盎格魯-撒克遜語)(Old English、Anglo-Saxon)→英國英語(English)
1.英語的發(fā)展要追溯到公元410年，羅馬人離開不列顛之后，日耳曼部族包括盎格魯、薩克遜開始涌入。
2.羅馬人走了，沒有留下他們使用的拉丁語。反倒是實用的盎格魯薩克遜語言進入到當?shù)厝说恼Z言，帶去了新的詞匯。
3.公元597年，基督教傳入英國?；浇痰牧餍?，使當?shù)厝烁菀捉邮芾∥牡墓肿?，如“martyr（烈士）”, “bishop”和 “font”。
4.公元800年，丹麥人入侵英國。維京語言給英語帶來了好戰(zhàn)意味明顯的詞匯，英語中共有2000個詞匯源于維京人。
5.1066年,征服者威廉入侵不列顛，帶來了來自海峽對岸的法語。法語成為了上層階級與事務用語?？偟膩碇v，英文大概從諾曼語中吸收了一萬多個單詞。
6.1337 年，英法百年戰(zhàn)爭開始。在這116年的爭斗中，英語吸收了法語中的戰(zhàn)爭詞匯，如“armies”, “navies” 及 “soldiers“， 并逐步取代法語，成為當權者的語言。
7.100年之后誕生了莎士比亞。字典告訴我們，莎士比亞大概發(fā)明了2000多個新字，包括好用的詞匯還有很多當時的流行詞匯。
英文版：English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders and/or settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands.
Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually became predominant.
英語是一種西日耳曼語，起源于盎格魯-弗里斯方言，由日耳曼入侵者和/或定居者從現(xiàn)在的德國西北部和荷蘭的不同地區(qū)帶到英國。最初，古英語是一組不同的方言，反映了英國盎格魯-撒克遜王國的不同起源。
A Brief History of the English Language (英語語言簡史)
Old English, until 1066
Immigrants from Denmark and NW Germany arrived in Britain in the 5th and 6th Centuries A.D., speaking in related dialects belonging to the Germanic and Teutonic branches of the Indo-European language family. Today, English is most closely related to Flemish, Dutch, and German, and is somewhat related to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Icelandic, unchanged for 1,000 years, is very close to Old English. Viking invasions, begun in the 8th Century, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence which lasted until the Norman Conquest of 1066.
Old English Words
The Angles came from an angle-shaped land area in contemporary Germany. Their name "Angli" from the Latin and commonly-spoken, pre-5th Century German mutated into the Old English "Engle". Later, "Engle" changed to "Angel-cyn" meaning "Angle-race" by A.D. 1000, changing to "Engla-land". Some Old English words which have survived intact include: feet, geese, teeth, men, women, lice, and mice. The modern word "like" can be a noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. In Old English, though, the word was different for each type: gelica as a noun, geic as an adjective, lician as a verb, and gelice as a preposition.
Middle English, from 1066 until the 15th Century
The Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect. From 1066 until about 1400, Latin, French, and English were spoken. English almost disappeared entirely into obscurity during this period by the French and Latin dominated court and government. However, in 1362, the Parliament opened with English as the language of choice, and the language was saved from extinction. Present-day English is approximately 50% Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and 50% Romance (French and Latin).
Middle English Words
Many new words added to Middle English during this period came from Norman French, Parisian French, and Scandinavian. Norman French words imported into Middle English include: catch, wage, warden, reward, and warrant. Parisian French gave Middle English: chase, guarantee, regard, guardian, and gage. Scandinavian gave to Middle English the important word of law. English nobility had titles which were derived from both Middle English and French. French provided: prince, duke, peer, marquis, viscount, and baron. Middle English independently developed king, queen, lord, lady, and earl. Governmental administrative divisions from French include county, city, village, justice, palace, mansion, and residence. Middle English words include town, home, house, and hall.
Early Modern English, from the 15th Century to the 17th Century
During this period, English became more organized and began to resemble the modern version of English. Although the word order and sentence construction was still slightly different, Early Modern English was at least recognizable to the Early Modern English speaker. For example, the Old English "To us pleases sailing" became "We like sailing." Classical elements, from Greek and Latin, profoundly influenced work creation and origin. From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Also, the "tele-" prefix meaning "far" later used to develop telephone and television was taken.
Modern English, from the 17th Century to Modern Times
Modern English developed through the efforts of literary and political writings, where literacy was uniformly found. Modern English was heavily influenced by classical usage, the emergence of the university-educated class, Shakespeare, the common language found in the East Midlands section of present-day England, and an organized effort to document and standardize English. Current inflections have remained almost unchanged for 400 years, but sounds of vowels and consonants have changed greatly. As a result, spelling has also changed considerably. For example, from Early English to Modern English, lyf became life, deel became deal, hoom became home, mone became moon, and hous became house.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern English
Modern English is composed of several languages, with grammar rules, spelling, and word usage both complimenting and competing for clarity. The disadvantages of Modern English include: an alphabet which is unable to adequately represent all needed sounds without using repeated or combined letters, a limit of 23 letters of the 26 in the alphabet which can effectively express twice the number of sounds actually needed, and a system of spelling which is not based upon pronunciation but foreign language word origin and countless changes throughout history. The advantages of Modern English include: single consonants which are clearly understood and usually represent the same sounds in the same positions, the lack of accent marks found in other languages which permits quicker writing, and the present spelling displays European language origins and connections which allows European language speakers to become immediately aware of thousands of words.
Modern English Words
British English, known as Standard English or Oxford English, underwent changes as the colonization of North American and the creation of the United States occurred. British English words changed into American English words, such as centre to center, metre to meter, theatre to theater, favour to favor, honour to honor, labour to labor, neighbour to neighbor, cheque to check, connexion to connection, gaol to jail, the storey of a house to story, and tyre for tire. Since 1900, words with consistent spelling but different meanings from British English to American English include: to let for to rent, dual carriageway for divided highway, lift for elevator, amber for yellow, to ring for to telephone, zebra crossing for pedestrian crossing, and pavement for sidewalk.
American English, from the 18th Century until Modern Times
Until the 18th Century, British and American English were remarkably similar with almost no variance. Immigration to America by other English peoples changed the language by 1700. Noah Webster, author of the first authoritative American English dictionary, created many changes. The "-re" endings became "-er" and the "-our" endings became "-or". Spelling by pronunciation and personal choice from Webster were influences.
Cough, Sought, Thorough, Thought, and Through
Why do these "ough" words have the same central spelling but are so different? This is a characteristic of English, which imported similarly spelled or defined words from different languages over the past 1,000 years.
Cough
From the Middle High German kuchen meaning to breathe heavily, to the French-Old English cohhian, to the Middle English coughen is derived the current word cough.
Sought
From the Greek hegeisthai meaning to lead, to the Latin sagire meaning to perceive keenly, to the Old High German suohhen meaning to seek, to the French-Old English secan, to the Middle English sekken, is derived the past tense sought of the present tense of the verb to seek.
Thorough
From the French-Old English thurh and thuruh to the Middle English thorow is derived the current word thorough.
Thought
From the Old English thencan, which is related to the French-Old English word hoht, which remained the same in Middle English, is derived the current word thought.
Through
From the Sanskrit word tarati, meaning he crossed over, came the Latin word, trans meaning across or beyond. Beginning with Old High German durh, to the French-Old English thurh, to the Middle English thurh, thruh, or through, is derived the current word through.(
以上就是簡要概述英語的發(fā)展歷史英文的全部內(nèi)容，英語的歷史可以分為三個主要階段:古英語,中古英語和現(xiàn)代英語。英語起源于公元5世紀,當時三個日耳曼部落入侵英國,他們對英語語言的形成起了很大的作用。在中世紀和現(xiàn)代社會初期,英語的影響遍及不列顛群島。
